Thursday, 5 September 2024

Safeguarding Children From Immersive Tech Risks Over-Censorship

September 05, 2024 0
happeningsintech.blogspot.com

Efforts to protect children's safety on traditional social media platforms could unintentionally harm the burgeoning 3D world of augmented and virtual reality, according to a report released Tuesday by a Washington, D.C., technology think tank.


The report from the Information Technology & Innovation Foundation warns that legislative measures like the Kids Online Safety and Privacy Act (KOPSA), which has already passed the U.S. Senate and is under consideration in the House of Representatives, could lead to excessive censorship in AR/VR environments.


If KOPSA becomes law, AR/VR platforms might be pressured to enforce regulations as rigorously as conventional social media, potentially leading to unintended consequences, the report explained.


By granting the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) authority to determine what content is harmful on these platforms, the report argues, there's a risk of over-censorship. AR/VR platforms might either over-police content to avoid liability or preemptively censor material, which could include content important for children's education, entertainment, and personal development.


“One of our concerns with KOPSA is that it could pave the way for over-censorship by empowering the FTC to decide what qualifies as harmful,” said the report's author, Policy Analyst Alex Ambrose.


The Pros, Cons, and Pitfalls of AR/VR

The ITIF report highlighted that discussions around online safety frequently neglect AR/VR technologies. These immersive platforms promote social interaction and stimulate creativity and imagination, which are vital for children's development. Play, imagination, and creativity are essential components for healthy growth, the report emphasized.


However, the report also acknowledged the challenges in effectively mitigating the risks that immersive technologies pose to children. It noted that most current AR/VR systems are not designed for users under 13, leading to children navigating adult-oriented spaces. This exposure to age-inappropriate content can negatively impact children's mental and social development, fostering harmful habits and behaviors.


Addressing these risks will require a blend of market-driven innovation and thoughtful policy-making. The report pointed out that safety in the metaverse will largely depend on companies' design choices, content moderation practices, parental control tools, and trust and safety strategies.


While acknowledging the necessity of public policy interventions to address specific safety threats, the report noted that policymakers are already focusing on children's safety on "2D" platforms like social media. These regulations could extend to AR/VR technologies, but the report urged policymakers to first consider the ongoing safety efforts by AR/VR developers and ensure that these tools remain effective. When safety tools fall short, the report suggested that policymakers should concentrate on targeted interventions to address verified harms, rather than hypothetical risks.


"Most online services are striving to eliminate harmful content, but given the vast amount of content online, some will inevitably slip through the cracks," said Policy Analyst Alex Ambrose. "The challenges we face on current platforms, such as incitement to violence, vandalism, and the spread of harmful content and misinformation, are likely to persist in immersive environments."


"The metaverse will rely heavily on massive amounts of data, so it’s reasonable to expect that these issues might become even more prevalent than they are today," Ambrose added.

Designing for Safety

Lulham concurred with the report’s assertion that the design choices made by companies will significantly influence the safety landscape of the metaverse.


"In my perspective, the way companies approach online safety is crucial for establishing a secure digital environment for children," he remarked. "Given the current environment's inherent risks, companies have both the obligation and the capability to drive meaningful change."


He emphasized that user interface design serves as the first line of defense for safeguarding children. "Focusing on intuitive, age-appropriate designs can transform how children interact with online platforms," he noted. "By creating interfaces that naturally guide and educate users towards safer behaviors, we can greatly minimize harmful experiences."


Lulham also highlighted the critical role of content moderation. "The sheer volume of content necessitates a fundamental shift in our approach," he said. "While AI-driven tools are important, they alone are insufficient. I advocate for a hybrid model that combines advanced AI with human oversight to carefully balance protection and freedom."


Parental control tools, he argued, are often undervalued but essential. These tools should not be mere add-ons but integral components of the platform, designed with the same rigor as the core features. "I envision a future where parental controls are so seamless and effective that they become an essential part of family digital management," he added.


Lulham stressed that trust and safety strategies will set successful platforms apart from those that struggle. "Platforms that embrace a comprehensive approach, incorporating rigorous age verification, real-time monitoring, and transparent reporting, will set the benchmark for excellence," he declared. "Ongoing collaboration with child safety experts and policymakers will be crucial for companies dedicated to protecting young users."


"In summary," he concluded, "I foresee a future where 'safety by design' transcends being a mere catchphrase and becomes the core principle guiding every aspect of platform development."


The report underscored that children, as key participants in the metaverse, are pivotal to the market success of immersive technologies.


Balancing innovation with user safety in this emerging field will be a formidable task, the report acknowledged. It stressed that parents, companies, and regulators must collaboratively navigate the delicate balance between privacy and safety, while fostering engaging and groundbreaking immersive experiences.

Friday, 22 September 2023

Why did Europe fine Intel $400 million?

September 22, 2023 0

 In an antitrust investigation involving Intel's conduct between 2002 and 2006, the European Commission fined the chipmaker $400 million (EUR 376.3 million). The corporation prevented the sale of products using the x86 CPUs of its rivals, according to the European antitrust regulator.


The Commission fined the chipmaker EUR 1.06 billion ($1.13 billion) in 2009 after concluding that Intel had abused its position of market dominance. The General Court, the second-highest court in Europe with its headquarters in Luxembourg, dismissed this fine last year.

The EU antitrust authority reopened the case after the court found that the US chipmaker had improperly barred rival AMD from the market, according to news agency Reuters.

Additionally, it was discovered that Intel offered manufacturers like HP, Dell, and Lenovo covert incentives and rebates to purchase all or nearly all of their processors from Intel.

The committee found that Intel also paid manufacturers to postpone or altogether stop the release of goods using the CPUs of its competitors. These payments were referred to as "naked restrictions".

Intel's use of blatant limitations


"The General Court confirmed that Intel's naked restrictions amounted to an abuse of dominant market position under EU competition rules," the European Commission stated.
The commission made it clear that the only reason it reinstated the penalties against Intel was for its use of bare limitations.

"The fine has nothing to do with Intel's practice of conditional rebates. The fine amount, which is determined by the same criteria as the Commission's 2009 decision, reflects the smaller breadth of the violation than was considered in that decision, it was added.

Sunday, 17 September 2023

UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus 2023 and Exam Pattern

September 17, 2023 0

Before beginning your UGC NET Exam preparation, it is imperative to take the UGC NET Syllabus into account. It gives you a thorough understanding of the particular subjects and modules that the exam will cover. By having access to the comprehensive UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus, you may successfully organize your study strategy and allocate your time and resources. Knowing the UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus beforehand can help you prioritize what needs greater attention and make sure you study all the relevant material before the exam. It acts as a road map, directing you through the knowledge domains that are anticipated to be evaluated, assisting you in concentrating your efforts, and maximizing your chances of success. The UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus is a useful tool that provides you with the knowledge and organization you need to start your exam preparation journey. Below is the whole UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus:



There will be no negative marking in the exam But Don't take it lightly.

 

Paper

Marks

Number of Questions

Duration

I

100

50 questions all are compulsory

 3 hours

II

200

100 question all are compulsory

 


UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus 2023 The UGC NET Computer Science syllabus covers various important topics from the field of computer science and aims to assess the knowledge and understanding of candidates in this subject area. It is essential to familiarize yourself with the UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus to plan your study effectively and ensure success in the examination. Below is a list of the units included in the UGC NET Computer Science syllabus 2023: 

  1. Discrete Structures and Optimization 
  2. Computer System Architecture 
  3. Programming Languages and Computer Graphics 
  4. Database Management Systems 
  5. System Software and Operating System 
  6. Software Engineering 
  7. Data Structures and Algorithms 
  8. Data Structures 
  9. Theory of Computation and Compilers 
  10. Data Communication and Computer Networks 
  11. Artificial Intelligence (AI)

UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus 2023 in Detail

Unit 1: Discrete Structures and Optimization
Mathematical Logic: Propositional and Predicate Logic, Propositional Equivalences, Normal Forms, Predicates and Quantifiers, Nested Quantifiers, Rules of Inference.
Sets and Relations: Set Operations, Representation and Properties of Relations, Equivalence Relations, Partially Ordering.
Counting, Mathematical Induction and Discrete Probability: Basics of Counting, Pigeonhole Principle, Permutations and Combinations, Inclusion- Exclusion Principle, Mathematical Induction, Probability, Bayes’ Theorem.
Group Theory: Groups, Subgroups, Semi Groups, Product and Quotients of Algebraic Structures, Isomorphism, Homomorphism, Automorphism, Rings, Integral Domains, Fields, Applications of Group Theory.
Graph Theory: Simple Graph, Multigraph, Weighted Graph, Paths and Circuits, Shortest Paths in Weighted Graphs, Eulerian Paths and Circuits, Hamiltonian Paths and Circuits, Planner graph, Graph Coloring, Bipartite Graphs, Trees and Rooted Trees, Prefix Codes, Tree Traversals, Spanning Trees and Cut-Sets.
Boolean Algebra: Boolean Functions and its Representation, Simplifications of Boolean Functions.
Optimization: Linear Programming - Mathematical Model, Graphical Solution, Simplex and Dual Simplex Method, Sensitive Analysis; Integer Programming, Transportation and Assignment Models, PERT-CPM: Diagram Representation, Critical Path Calculations, Resource Levelling, Cost Consideration in Project Scheduling.
Above are the topics of Unit 1 for UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus 2023

Unit 2: Computer System Architecture
Digital Logic Circuits and Components: Digital Computers, Logic Gates, Boolean Algebra, Map Simplifications, Combinational Circuits, Flip-Flops, Sequential Circuits, Integrated Circuits, Decoders, Multiplexers, Registers and Counters, Memory Unit.
Data Representation: Data Types, Number Systems and Conversion, Complements, Fixed Point Representation, Floating Point Representation, Error Detection Codes, Computer Arithmetic - Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division Algorithms.
Register Transfer and Microoperations: Register Transfer Language, Bus and Memory Transfers, Arithmetic, Logic and Shift Microoperations.
Basic Computer Organization and Design: Stored Program Organization and Instruction Codes, Computer Registers, Computer Instructions, Timing and Control, Instruction Cycle, Memory-Reference Instructions, Input-Output, Interrupt.
Programming the Basic Computer: Machine Language, Assembly Language, Assembler, Program Loops, Subroutines, Input-Output Programming.
Microprogrammed Control: Control Memory, Address Sequencing, Design of Control Unit.
Central Processing Unit: General Register Organization, Stack Organization, Instruction Formats, Addressing Modes, RISC Computer, CISC Computer.
Pipeline and Vector Processing: Parallel Processing, Pipelining, Arithmetic Pipeline, Instruction Pipeline, Vector Processing Array Processors.
Input-Output Organization: Peripheral Devices, Input-Output Interface, Asynchronous Data Transfer, Modes of Transfer, Priority Interrupt, DMA, Serial Communication.
Memory Hierarchy: Main Memory, Auxillary Memory, Associative Memory, Cache Memory, Virtual Memory, Memory Management Hardware.
Multiprocessors: Characteristics of Multiprocessors, Interconnection Structures, Interprocessor Arbitration, Interprocessor Communication and Synchronization, Cache Coherence, Multicore Processors.
Above are the topics covered in Unit 2 for UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus 2023

Unit 3: Programming Languages and Computer Graphics
Language Design and Translation Issues: Programming Language Concepts, Paradigms and Models, Programming Environments, Virtual Computers and Binding Times, Programming Language Syntax, Stages in Translation, Formal Transition Models.
Elementary Data Types: Properties of Types and Objects; Scalar and Composite Data Types.
Programming in C: Tokens, Identifiers, Data Types, Sequence Control, Subprogram Control, Arrays, Structures, Union, String, Pointers, Functions, File Handling, Command Line Argumaents, Preprocessors.
Object Oriented Programming: Class, Object, Instantiation, Inheritance, Encapsulation, Abstract Class, Polymorphism.
Programming in C++: Tokens, Identifiers, Variables and Constants; Data types, Operators, Control statements, Functions Parameter Passing, Virtual Functions, Class and Objects; Constructors and Destructors; Overloading, Inheritance, Templates, Exception and Event Handling; Streams and Files; Multifile Programs.
Web Programming: HTML, DHTML, XML, Scripting, Java, Servlets, Applets.
Computer Graphics: Video-Display Devices, Raster-Scan and Random-Scan Systems; Graphics Monitors, Input Devices, Points and Lines; Line Drawing Algorithms, Mid-Point Circle and Ellipse Algorithms; Scan Line Polygon Fill Algorithm, Boundary-Fill and Flood- Fill.
2-D Geometrical Transforms and Viewing: Translation, Scaling, Rotation, Reflection and Shear Transformations; Matrix Representations and Homogeneous Coordinates; Composite Transforms, Transformations Between Coordinate Systems, Viewing Pipeline, Viewing Coordinate Reference Frame, Window to View-Port Coordinate Transformation, Viewing Functions, Line and Polygon Clipping Algorithms.
3-D Object Representation, Geometric Transformations and Viewing: Polygon Surfaces, Quadric Surfaces, Spline Representation, Bezier and B-Spline Curves; Bezier and B-Spline Surfaces; Illumination Models, Polygon Rendering Methods, Viewing Pipeline and Coordinates; General Projection Transforms and Cipping.
Above are the topics in Unit 3 for UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus 2023

Unit 4: Database Management Systems
Database System Concepts and Architecture: Data Models, Schemas, and Instances; Three-Schema Architecture and Data Independence; Database Languages and Interfaces; Centralized and Client/Server Architectures for DBMS.
Data Modeling: Entity-Relationship Diagram, Relational Model - Constraints, Languages, Design, and Programming, Relational Database Schemas, Update Operations and Dealing with Constraint Violations; Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus; Codd Rules.
SQL: Data Definition and Data Types; Constraints, Queries, Insert, Delete, and Update Statements; Views, Stored Procedures and Functions; Database Triggers, SQL Injection.
Normalization for Relational Databases: Functional Dependencies and Normalization; Algorithms for Query Processing and Optimization; Transaction Processing, Concurrency Control Techniques, Database Recovery Techniques, Object and Object-Relational Databases; Database Security and Authorization.
Enhanced Data Models: Temporal Database Concepts, Multimedia Databases, Deductive Databases, XML and Internet Databases; Mobile Databases, Geographic Information Systems, Genome Data Management, Distributed Databases and Client-Server Architectures.
Data Warehousing and Data Mining: Data Modeling for Data Warehouses, Concept Hierarchy, OLAP and OLTP; Association Rules, Classification, Clustering, Regression, Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbour, Hidden Markov Model, Summarization, Dependency Modeling, Link Analysis, Sequencing Analysis, Social Network Analysis.
Big Data Systems: Big Data Characteristics, Types of Big Data, Big Data Architecture, Introduction to Map-Reduce and Hadoop; Distributed File System, HDFS.
NOSQL: NOSQL and Query Optimization; Different NOSQL Products, Querying and Managing NOSQL; Indexing and Ordering Data Sets; NOSQL in Cloud.
Above are the topics covered in Unit 4 for UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus 2023

Unit 5: System Software and Operating System
System Software: Machine, Assembly and High-Level Languages; Compilers and Interpreters; Loading, Linking and Relocation; Macros, Debuggers.
Basics of Operating Systems: Operating System Structure, Operations and Services; System Calls, Operating-System Design and Implementation; System Boot.
Process Management: Process Scheduling and Operations; Interprocess Communication, Communication in Client–Server Systems, Process Synchronization, Critical-Section Problem, Peterson’s Solution, Semaphores, Synchronization.
Threads: Multicore Programming, Multithreading Models, Thread Libraries, Implicit Threading, Threading Issues.
CPU Scheduling: Scheduling Criteria and Algorithms; Thread Scheduling, Multiple- Processor Scheduling, Real-Time CPU Scheduling.
Deadlocks: Deadlock Characterization, Methods for Handling Deadlocks, Deadlock Prevention, Avoidance and Detection; Recovery from Deadlock.
Memory Management: Contiguous Memory Allocation, Swapping, Paging, Segmentation, Demand Paging, Page Replacement, Allocation of Frames, Thrashing, Memory-Mapped Files.
Storage Management: Mass-Storage Structure, Disk Structure, Scheduling and Management, RAID Structure.
File and Input/Output Systems: Access Methods, Directory and Disk Structure; File- System Mounting, File Sharing, File-System Structure and Implementation; Directory Implementation, Allocation Methods, Free-Space Management, Efficiency and Performance; Recovery, I/O Hardware, Application I/O Interface, Kernel I/O Subsystem, Transforming I/O Requests to Hardware Operations.
Security: Protection, Access Matrix, Access Control, Revocation of Access Rights, Program Threats, System and Network Threats; Cryptography as a Security Tool, User Authentication, Implementing Security Defenses.
Virtual Machines: Types of Virtual Machines and Implementations; Virtualization.
Linux Operating Systems: Design Principles, Kernel Modules, Process Management, Scheduling, Memory Management, File Systems, Input and Output; Interprocess Communication, Network Structure.
Windows Operating Systems: Design Principles, System Components, Terminal Services and Fast User Switching; File System, Networking.
Distributed Systems: Types of Network based Operating Systems, Network Structure, Communication Structure and Protocols; Robustness, Design Issues, Distributed File Systems.
Above are the topics in Unit 5 for UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus 2023

Unit 6: Software Engineering
Software Process Models: Software Process, Generic Process Model – Framework Activity, Task Set and Process Patterns; Process Lifecycle, Prescriptive Process Models, Project Management, Component Based Development, Aspect-Oriented Software Development, Formal Methods, Agile Process Models – Extreme Programming (XP), Adptive Software Development, Scrum, Dynamic System Development Model, Feature Driven Development, Crystal, Web Engineering.
Software Requirements: Functional and Non-Functional Requirements; Eliciting Requirements, Developing Use Cases, Requirement Analysis and Modelling; Requirements Review, Software Requirment and Specification (SRS) Document.
Software Design: Abstraction, Architecture, Patterns, Separation of Concerns, Modularity, Information Hiding, Functional Independence, Cohesion and Coupling; Object-Oriented Design, Data Design, Architectural Design, User Interface Design, Component Level Design.
Software Quality: McCall’s Quality Factors, ISO 9126 Quality Factors, Quality Control, Quality Assurance, Risk Management, Risk Mitigation, Monitoring and Management (RMMM); Software Reliability.
Estimation and Scheduling of Software Projects: Software Sizing, LOC and FP based Estimations; Estimating Cost and Effort; Estimation Models, Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO), Project Scheduling and Staffing; Time-line Charts.
Software Testing: Verification and Validation; Error, Fault, Bug and Failure; Unit and Integration Tesing; White-box and Black-box Testing; Basis Path Testing, Control Structure Testing, Deriving Test Cases, Alpha and Beta Testing; Regression Testing, Performance Testing, Stress Testing.
Software Configuration Management: Change Control and Version Control; Software Reuse, Software Re-engineering, Reverse Engineering.
Above are the topics of Unit 6 for UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus 2023

Unit 7: Data Structures and Algorithms
Data Structures: Arrays and their Applications; Sparse Matrix, Stacks, Queues, Priority Queues, Linked Lists, Trees, Forest, Binary Tree, Threaded Binary Tree, Binary Search Tree, AVL Tree, B Tree, B+ Tree, B* Tree, Data Structure for Sets, Graphs, Sorting and Searching Algorithms; Hashing.
Performance Analysis of Algorithms and Recurrences: Time and Space Complexities; Asymptotic Notation, Recurrence Relations.
Design Techniques: Divide and Conquer; Dynamic Programming, Greedy Algorithms, Backtracking, Branch and Bound.
Lower Bound Theory: Comparison Trees, Lower Bounds through Reductions.
Graph Algorithms: Breadth-First Search, Depth-First Search, Shortest Paths, Maximum Flow, Minimum Spanning Trees.
Complexity Theory: P and NP Class Problems; NP-completeness and Reducibility.
Selected Topics: Number Theoretic Algorithms, Polynomial Arithmetic, Fast Fourier Transform, String Matching Algorithms.
Advanced Algorithms: Parallel Algorithms for Sorting, Searching and Merging, Approximation Algorithms, Randomized Algorithms.
Above are the topics of Unit 7 for UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus 2023

Unit 8: Theory of Computation and Compilers
Theory of Computation: Formal Language, Non-Computational Problems, Diagonal Argument, Russels’s Paradox.
Regular Language Models: Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA), Non-Deterministic Finite Automaton (NDFA), Equivalence of DFA and NDFA, Regular Languages, Regular Grammars, Regular Expressions, Properties of Regular Language, Pumping Lemma, Non- Regular Languages, Lexical Analysis.
Context Free Language: Pushdown Automaton (PDA), Non-Deterministic Pushdown Automaton (NPDA), Context Free Grammar, Chomsky Normal Form, Greibach Normal Form, Ambiguity, Parse Tree Representation of Derivation Trees, Equivalence of PDA’s and Context Free Grammars; Properties of Context Free Language.
Turing Machines (TM): Standard Turing Machine and its Variations; Universal Turing Machines, Models of Computation and Church-Turing Thesis; Recursive and Recursively- Enumerable Languages; Context-Sensitive Languages, Unrestricted Grammars, Chomsky Hierarchy of Languages, Construction of TM for Simple Problems.
Unsolvable Problems and Computational Complexity: Unsolvable Problem, Halting Problem, Post Correspondence Problem, Unsolvable Problems for Context-Free Languages, Measuring and Classifying Complexity, Tractable and Intractable Problems.
Syntax Analysis: Associativity, Precedence, Grammar Transformations, Top Down Parsing, Recursive Descent Predictive Parsing, LL(1) Parsing, Bottom up Parsing, LR Parser, LALR(1) Parser.
Semantic Analysis: Attribute Grammar, Syntax Directed Definitions, Inherited and Synthesized Attributes; Dependency Graph, Evaluation Order, S-attributed and L-attributed Definitions; Type-Checking.
Run Time System: Storage Organization, Activation Tree, Activation Record, Stack Allocation of Activation Records, Parameter Passing Mechanisms, Symbol Table.
Intermediate Code Generation: Intermediate Representations, Translation of Declarations, Assignments, Control Flow, Boolean Expressions and Procedure Calls.
Code Generation and Code Optimization: Control-flow, Data-flow Analysis, Local Optimization, Global Optimization, Loop Optimization, Peep-Hole Optimization, Instruction Scheduling.
Above are the topics in Unit 8 for UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus 2023

Unit 9: Data Communication and Computer Networks
Data Communication: Components of a Data Communication System, Simplex, Half- Duplex and Duplex Modes of Communication; Analog and Digital Signals; Noiseless and Noisy Channels; Bandwidth, Throughput and Latency; Digital and Analog Transmission; Data Encoding and Modulation Techniques; Broadband and Baseband Transmission; Multiplexing, Transmission Media, Transmission Errors, Error Handling Mechanisms.
Computer Networks: Network Topologies, Local Area Networks, Metropolitan Area Networks, Wide Area Network, Wireless Networks, Internet.
Network Models: Layered Architecture, OSI Reference Model and its Protocols; TCP/IP Protocol Suite, Physical, Logical, Port and Specific Addresses; Switching Techniques.
Functions of OSI and TCP/IP Layers: Framing, Error Detection and Correction; Flow and Error Control; Sliding Window Protocol, HDLC, Multiple Access – CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA, Reservation, Polling, Token Passing, FDMA, CDMA, TDMA, Network Devices, Backbone Networks, Virtual LANs.

IPv4 Structure and Address Space; Classful and Classless Addressing; Datagram, Fragmentation and Checksum; IPv6 Packet Format, Mapping Logical to Physical Address (ARP), Direct and Indirect Network Layer Delivery; Routing Algorithms, TCP, UDP and SCTP Protocols; Flow Control, Error Control and Congestion Control in TCP and SCTP.

World Wide Web (WWW): Uniform Resource Locator (URL), Domain Name Service (DNS), Resolution - Mapping Names to Addresses and Addresses to Names; Electronic Mail Architecture, SMTP, POP and IMAP; TELNET and FTP.
Network Security: Malwares, Cryptography and Steganography; Secret-Key Algorithms, Public-Key Algorithms, Digital Signature, Virtual Private Networks, Firewalls.
Mobile Technology: GSM and CDMA; Services and Architecture of GSM and Mobile Computing; Middleware and Gateway for Mobile Computing; Mobile IP and Mobile Communication Protocol; Communication Satellites, Wireless Networks and Topologies; Cellular Topology, Mobile Adhoc Networks, Wireless Transmission and Wireless LANs; Wireless Geolocation Systems, GPRS and SMS.
Cloud Computing and IoT: SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, Public and Private Cloud; Virtualization, Virtual Server, Cloud Storage, Database Storage, Resource Management, Service Level Agreement, Basics of IoT.
Above are the topics covered in Unit 9 for UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus 2023

Unit 10: Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Approaches to AI: Turing Test and Rational Agent Approaches; State Space Representation of Problems, Heuristic Search Techniques, Game Playing, Min-Max Search, Alpha Beta Cutoff Procedures.
Knowledge Representation: Logic, Semantic Networks, Frames, Rules, Scripts, Conceptual Dependency and Ontologies; Expert Systems, Handling Uncertainty in Knowledge.
Planning: Components of a Planning System, Linear and Non Linear Planning; Goal Stack Planning, Hierarchical Planning, STRIPS, Partial Order Planning.
Natural Language Processing: Grammar and Language; Parsing Techniques, Semantic Analysis and Prgamatics.
Multi Agent Systems: Agents and Objects; Agents and Expert Systems; Generic Structure of Multiagent System, Semantic Web, Agent Communication, Knowledge Sharing using Ontologies, Agent Development Tools.
Fuzzy Sets: Notion of Fuzziness, Membership Functions, Fuzzification and Defuzzification; Operations on Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Functions and Linguistic Variables; Fuzzy Relations, Fuzzy Rules and Fuzzy Inference; Fuzzy Control System and Fuzzy Rule Based Systems.
Genetic Algorithms (GA): Encoding Strategies, Genetic Operators, Fitness Functions and GA Cycle; Problem Solving using GA.
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN): Supervised, Unsupervised and Reinforcement Learning; Single Perceptron, Multi Layer Perceptron, Self Organizing Maps, Hopfield Network.
Above are the topics in Unit 10 for UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus 2023


Important Topics in UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus 2023
To prepare effectively for the UGC NET computer science exam and do more smart work than hard work, candidates must go through the important topics of the UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus. Before the exam date approaches, candidates must start picking up the important topics and go through them in detail. There are chances for more questions to be made from important topics. So when you don’t have much time, you can cover the important topics first and then move on to the other ones. But candidates must remember that covering important topics does not mean skipping or neglecting other topics. In exams like UGC NET, the syllabus is now so vast that questions are asked from any topic randomly. That is why candidates must cover every topic but when they are doing their last-minute preparation that time it will be helpful for them if they cover important topics from the UGC NET Computer Science syllabus first. The important topics as per UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus are given below:

ER Modelling
Normalization
Transaction
Sorting Techniques
Dynamic Programming
Coding and Testing
Development Process
Process Scheduling
Synchronization
Deadlock 
Memory
IP Addressing
Protocols
Context sensitive grammar
Automata

UGC NET Computer Science Exam Pattern 
To understand the UGC NET Computer Science exam, candidates must be aware of its UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus and latest UGC NET exam pattern. UGC NET recently changed its exam pattern back in 2018 when it deleted the concept of Paper 3. Knowing the UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus and exam pattern bring confidence in a candidate’s mind that they know the basics of the exam. Following these two, candidates can prepare for the UGC NET exam. The following table shows the UGC NET paper pattern for computer science exam for candidates to go through. Candidates must keep in mind that there is no negative marking in both the UGC NET Computer Science exam papers. 

Preparation Tips to Cover UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus

It is necessary to have a good strategy if you want to appear for the UGC NET exam. Check out the tips mentioned below:

Look Over the Most Recent Syllabus
Before beginning your preparation, you should review the entire UGC NET Computer Science syllabus and make a list of all the significant topics and UGC NET important Questions that will carry a significant amount of weight in the exam.

Examine Previous Years Sample Test Questions and Papers
The UGC NET Previous Year Question Papers are the most dependable source to know about the exam pattern & the UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus in more detail. You can learn about the format of the exam paper and its marking scheme by studying previous papers. 

Time Management
Set a time limit for completing each topic while studying and try to stick to it. If you are unable to do so, make every effort to speed up so that you can perform better on the exam. Take a short break in between study sessions. Go through the UGC NET Exam Analysis for more details.

Ideal Organization
Before you begin your preparation, make a thorough study plan and start working on UGC NET Study Material as per the UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus. You can make a schedule for this and stick to it for better results. Take brief notes while studying for the exam to use them later for a quick review. Determine your perceived weaknesses and make plans to improve them.

In this article, HIT-HappeningsinTech has covered all of the important information about the UGC NET Computer Science Syllabus. This information should help you create a solid plan for improving your exam score. Download the Testbook app for additional information.

Sunday, 10 September 2023

What is ChatGPT? Use Cases and Limitations?

September 10, 2023 0

ChatGPT is an advanced artificial intelligence (AI) language model developed by OpenAI. It belongs to the GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) family of models, which are designed to understand and generate human-like text based on the input they receive.


At its core, ChatGPT is a deep learning model that has been trained on a massive dataset containing text from the internet. This training process enables ChatGPT to learn the patterns, grammar, and context of human language, making it capable of generating coherent and contextually relevant responses to text prompts.


Here's how ChatGPT works:


  1. Pre-training: ChatGPT undergoes a pre-training phase where it learns to predict the next word in a sentence based on the words that came before it. This process helps the model develop an understanding of syntax, grammar, and the structure of language.
  2. Fine-tuning: After pre-training, the model is fine-tuned on specific datasets with human reviewers providing feedback and guidance. This fine-tuning helps shape the model's behavior and align it with OpenAI's guidelines and ethical standards.
  3. Inference: Once trained and fine-tuned, ChatGPT can be used for various natural language understanding and generation tasks. Users provide a text prompt or question to the model, and it generates a response based on its learned knowledge and patterns.


Use Cases:

  1. Content Generation: ChatGPT is widely used to generate content for blogs, articles, marketing materials, and more. Content creators can provide a topic or a brief, and ChatGPT can generate detailed and coherent text.
  2. Customer Support and Chatbots: Many businesses deploy ChatGPT-powered chatbots to handle customer inquiries, troubleshoot common issues, and provide support 24/7. ChatGPT can handle a wide range of customer queries efficiently.
  3. Education and Learning: ChatGPT can assist students and learners by answering questions, providing explanations, and assisting with research. It can be a valuable tool for online education platforms and digital learning resources.
  4. Research and Data Analysis: Researchers and analysts can use ChatGPT to extract insights from large datasets, generate reports, and assist in data-driven decision-making processes.
  5. Writing Assistance: ChatGPT can serve as a writing assistant, helping users draft emails, reports, creative writing, and more. It can suggest ideas, correct grammar, and improve the overall quality of written content.


Limitations:

While ChatGPT is a powerful tool, it does have limitations:


  1. Occasional Inaccuracies: ChatGPT may provide answers that are factually incorrect or incomplete, as it relies on patterns in the training data, which may contain errors.
  2. Sensitivity to Input Phrasing: The way a question is phrased can influence the quality of the response. Small changes in wording can lead to different answers.
  3. Biased Content: ChatGPT may produce biased or politically sensitive responses, as it can inadvertently reflect biases present in the training data.
  4. Lack of Real-World Experience: ChatGPT doesn't have real-world experiences or understanding. It generates responses based on text patterns and may not possess practical knowledge.

It's important to note that while ChatGPT is remarkably capable and versatile, it has certain limitations. For example, it may sometimes generate incorrect or nonsensical answers, be sensitive to input phrasing, or produce biased content if the training data contains biases.


ChatGPT has found applications in a wide range of fields, including customer support, content generation, and as a tool for assisting with writing, research, and learning. Its ease of use and natural language understanding capabilities make it a valuable resource for various projects and applications.


In summary, ChatGPT is an AI language model designed to understand and generate human-like text. It operates through pre-training on a vast dataset, fine-tuning with human oversight, and inference to generate responses based on user inputs.

Sunday, 26 December 2021

Vaccines for 15-18, Frontline Staff; Boosters for 60+, Frontline Staff 10 points, says the PM.

December 26, 2021 0

From January 10, India will begin distributing booster shots to health and frontline employees, as well as those over the age of 60, according to Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Vaccinations for children aged 15 to 18 will begin on January 3rd, he added. In a speech to the country tonight, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau also announced that "precaution dosages" for health-care and front-line employees will begin on January 10.


HappeningsinTech


Ten most important things were delivered by Prime Minister Sir, these are as follows:


1> "Coronavirus is still present... The word on the street these days is Omicron. We decided to make this announcement today because it is (former Prime Minister) Atal Bihari Vajpayee's birthday and Christmas "Prime Minister Modi stated.



2> According to the Prime Minister, India will shortly begin testing a nasal vaccination and the world's first DNA vaccine against Covid.



3> "The government has determined that from January 10, 2022, precaution doses of the Covid vaccine will be administered to healthcare and frontline workers," Prime Minister Justin Trudeau stated in his Christmas Day speech to the nation, without referring to the vaccine as a booster injection.



4> Today, 7,189 new Covid cases were reported across the country. The number of Omicron cases has risen to 415 across the country.



5> On their doctor's advise, anyone over 60 with comorbidities or other health concerns can get an extra dosage of vaccine starting January 10th.



6> After much back-and-forth between several panels, the government decided to vaccinate older children, despite doctors' bodies calling for it. The Centre recently informed parliament that its senior advisers were debating and weighing scientific evidence.



7> Vaccinating youngsters, he claimed, would aid in the fight against the pandemic and assist to normalise teaching in schools.



8> PM Modi asked people not to be alarmed by the rise in Omicron cases. "Many persons have been found infected with Omicron in India. I would advise everyone not to panic, but to exercise caution and vigilance. Always remember to wash your hands and wear a mask "he stated



9> According to the Prime Minister, 61% of India's adult population has received both doses of the Covid vaccination, with 90% having received the first.



10> The drug regulator approved Bharati Biotech's Covaxin for youngsters aged 12 and up earlier today.  After Zydus Cadila's needle-free vaccination ZyCoV-D, it is the second vaccine to be licenced for children.